Billy Morin

Madam Speaker, Procedure · 45 wordsI will share my time with my colleague from Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge. I rise today to speak on Bill C-10 and the important question of how Canada honours its modern treaties and self-government agreements with indigenous peoples. Let me begin by making something very clear.Procedure Claims · 114 wordsConservatives support modern treaties and self-government agreements. We believe these agreements can provide certainty, establish clear legal relationships, recognize indigenous jurisdiction and create stronger foundations for economic development and self-determination. For generations, the relationship between first nations and the federal government has been shaped by the Indian Act. It has created dependency, bureaucracy and a system in which too many decisions affecting indigenous communities remain concentrated in Ottawa. Modern treaties and self-government agreements offer a different path. They can establish defined rights and responsibilities between indigenous governments and the Crown. They can provide greater certainty for communities, governments, investors and Canadians. They can support indigenous nations in exercising greater control over their own affairs. Reasoning · 66 wordsFrom our perspective, that is the direction we should be working toward: less dependency on federal bureaucracy, greater Indigenous self-government and legally defined relationships that deliver results. The question before us is whether Bill C-10, as designed, would meaningfully advance those objectives, or would it create another federal office, another reporting structure and another process that does not adequately address the root causes of the problems? Claims · 57 wordsIn my opinion, this legislation does nothing more than create more ineffective processes posed as solutions in Ottawa, away from the communities that have been waiting for the government to fulfill the spirit and intent of treaty-making. The government has told us that the legislation is intended to create a credible, effective, sustainable and independent oversight mechanism. Reasoning · 22 wordsThis is an important objective, but Parliament has a responsibility to ask whether the proposed powers will be sufficient to achieve it. Claims · 69 wordsThe bill would give the commissioner the discretion to conduct reviews and performance audits, establish priorities and prepare reports.¹ The commissioner would have to submit final reports to the Speakers of both Houses, ²and those reports would be referred to a parliamentary committee.³ As a first-time MP, I have now witnessed multiple Auditor General reports on the shortcomings of indigenous relations with government. The government response is the same: Positioning · 3 wordsminuscule and meaningless.Positioning Procedure · 5 wordsThat raises a serious question.Procedure Reasoning · 39 wordsWill this office have the power to drive results, or will it primarily document failures and report them to Parliament? Reporting is important, and transparency matters, but reporting alone does not guarantee that a treaty obligation will be fulfilled. Claims · 63 wordsThe historic treaties that are over 150 years old can attest to this.¹² We have seen this challenge in other areas of indigenous services. Consider the Auditor General’s work on access to safe drinking water in first nations communities. In 2021, the Auditor General reported that Indigenous Services Canada was not on track to eliminate all long-term drinking water advisories by March 2021, ⁴Positioning · 6 wordswhich is another failed Liberal promise.Positioning Claims · 52 wordsThe audit identified concerns involving support to communities; ⁵funding for infrastructure, operations and maintenance; and the non-existence of an appropriate regulatory framework. Only five years later, after striking out on Bill C-61 because they called an election, are the Liberals addressing these concerns with legislation that is “watered down,” according to chiefs.⁶⁷ Positioning · 14 wordsThese are clearly not the actions of a government that takes accountability reports seriously.Positioning Claims · 46 wordsIn 2025, the Auditor General’s follow-up examined the implementation of recommendations from six earlier audits covering programs including primary health care, emergency management and safe drinking water.⁸ The follow-up found that Indigenous Services Canada made poor progress on many recommendations, even getting worse on some measurements.⁹ Reasoning · 106 wordsThese reports demonstrate why Parliament must distinguish between accountability processes and the achievement of outcomes. The lesson is not that audits have no value but that audits must lead to action. When a government department receives recommendations, Canadian and indigenous communities deserve to know what will change, who is responsible and when the work will be completed. The same principle should apply to modern treaty implementation. If the commissioner identifies a recurring failure, what happens next? Will the responsible department be required to produce a corrective action plan? Will the minister be expected to explain delays? Will Parliament be able to follow up on unresolved findings? Procedure · 5 wordsThese are not abstract questions.Procedure Reasoning · 10 wordsThey go directly to the credibility of the proposed institution. Positioning · 11 wordsThis raises more questions on how this legislation lacks real teeth.Positioning Reasoning · 44 wordsHow would this legislation and the commissioner’s office deal with the diversity and complexity of modern treaties? I seriously fear that the legislation would set up a parliamentary institution to fail because it lacks the foresight and legitimacy to deal with the root issues. Claims · 18 wordsThe government has indicated that the co-development process involved all 30 indigenous modern treaty partners.¹⁰ That is good, Reasoning · 16 wordsbut that demonstrates the breadth of the relationships that the proposed office would need to understand. Claims · 70 wordsModern treaties are not identical documents. They reflect different histories, negotiations, geographical circumstances, governance structures and arrangements between indigenous governments and the Crown. Some contain detailed provisions regarding lands and resources. Others include self-government arrangements and distinct institutional responsibilities. The bill gives the commissioner discretion to establish their own priorities and determine the number and frequency of reviews, performance audits and briefings conducted annually. This would create a practical challenge. Reasoning · 79 wordsHow could one commissioner meaningfully determine the priorities across such a wide range of treaty obligations and indigenous governments? Which treaty partner would receive attention first? How would competing concerns be evaluated? What would happen when a matter is urgent to one indigenous government but is not identified as a priority by the commissioner? What would happen when overlapping interests in land between indigenous communities comes into conflict? Would the commissioner’s office be able to intervene on such things? Claims · 30 wordsModern treaties operate on the principle of cross-ministry implementation. How can one ill-defined commissioner’s office meaningfully navigate a 345,000-member public service system across dozens of ministries and hundreds of departments?¹¹ Positioning · 6 wordsThat is a recipe for failure.Positioning Claims · 24 wordsThe legislation would do little to to ensure that this discretion does not undermine treaty-specific arrangements or leave important implementation problems without timely attention. Reasoning · 25 wordsA strong oversight framework needs transparent criteria for establishing priorities. It should also provide meaningful opportunities for treaty partners to identify concerns and request reviews. Positioning · 12 wordsConservatives believe in a strong future for first nations and indigenous peoples.Positioning Reasoning · 85 wordsWe believe in self-government. We believe in modern treaties. We believe that clear legal relationships between indigenous governments and the Crown can provide certainty, support economic development and strengthen self-determination. We believe that the Indian Act should not be the permanent foundation of Canada’s relationship with indigenous peoples. The goal should be to support indigenous nations in exercising greater control over their own affairs with legally defined relationships and practical mechanisms for resolving disputes and fulfilling obligations. Bill C-10 should be evaluated against those objectives. The ask · 59 wordsIf Parliament is going to establish an oversight office, it should ensure that the office has a clear and effective mandate. That includes transparent criteria for selecting review priorities, meaningful involvement of modern treaty partners, public reporting on unresolved implementation problems, clear expectations for the government’s responsive and corrective action, and regular review of the office’s effectiveness and costs. Reasoning · 18 wordsThese are measures that could help strengthen accountability while respecting the distinct legal arrangements established by modern treaties. Procedure · 13 wordsLet me conclude by returning to the principle that should guide this debate.Procedure Claims · 35 wordsModern treaties are about relationships, rights, responsibilities and the future of indigenous nations and Canada. They are not simply administrative agreements to be reviewed by federal officials. They are legal commitments that require serious implementation. Reasoning · 15 wordsSupport for modern treaties must also mean demanding that the federal government honour its obligations. Claims · 29 wordsBill C-10 provides insufficient accountability on whether its proposed commissioner could effectively address the diversity of modern treaties and whether the office would produce meaningful results for treaty partners. The ask · 51 wordsLet us in this House continue to work toward a relationship between indigenous nations and Canada built on respect, certainty, responsibility and self-government, not one based on, arguably, the bare minimum in legislation that actually takes time and energy away from doing the work of building up the implementation of treaties.Vague promise Reasoning · 32 wordsWe cannot measure success simply by the number of audits completed or reports tabled. We must measure success by whether the treaty commitments are fulfilled by the government and treaty negotiators themselves.