Combatting Hate Act

Bill C-9, Combatting Hate Act · Senate amendments · now law Where it stands

What the law does

The law creates a hate crime offence for breaking federal laws out of hatred based on specified factors. It also makes it an offence to promote hatred by displaying symbols in public, or to intimidate or block people trying to access places used for religious worship or by identifiable groups. In addition, the law removes the requirement for the Attorney General to consent before hate propaganda charges can be laid.

Official text (opens in a new tab)

38 statements

Andrew Lawton, Elgin—St. Thomas—London South

Conservative
“I share the minister's concerns about Jewish people being treated badly. But police are already not enforcing the laws we have against hate and violence. Why does the minister think new laws will be enforced?”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I am grateful the minister is here. He and I worked at the same time in Canadian media, and I have a good relationship with him. However, his government’s record on civil liberties and freedom of expression could not be worse. He talks about the horrors that have been inflicted upon the Jewish community, in particular, and I share those concerns. I have been sounding the alarm about those concerns when there has been a failure to act in enforcing existing laws. It is illegal to incite genocide. It is illegal to obstruct someone from entering a house of worship. It is illegal to threaten violence and harm. If existing laws are not being enforced, why does the minister think these ones will be?

Evan Solomon, Minister of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation and Minister responsible for the Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario

Liberal
“We need new laws to protect Jewish, Muslim, and 2SLGBTQ people. These laws must also protect our rights.”
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Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, it is always good to hear from my hon. friend in the opposition, who I know has spent a lot of time thinking about the line between security and civil liberties, and the very reason for this chamber is so we can have robust debates about finding exactly where that line is. Sadly, for communities today, for Jews in synagogues, for Muslims in mosques, for the 2SLGBTQ community, too often they are not being protected. We need new laws to do that, laws that are well crafted to protect liberties and protect people.

Natilien Joseph, Longueuil—Saint-Hubert

Liberal
“I want the House to pass this bill. Hate crimes are rising in Canada, and Black Canadians and religious groups are often targeted. This bill makes hate crimes a specific offence and makes it illegal to use hate symbols like a noose to scare people.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, it is an honour to rise to speak on behalf of the people of Longueuil—Saint‑Hubert. There are days in the House that are full of procedure and routine, and then there are days like this, where Parliament is doing exactly what it was created to do. These are the moments that give true meaning to the office we hold. My colleagues have explained the mechanics of Bill C‑9. I will use my speaking time to address the reality that this bill recognizes. Let us start by stating the obvious: Hate is real in Canada. It exists today, in 2026, in our workplaces, our schools, our places of worship, and our neighbourhoods. Statistics Canada data confirms this year after year: Police-reported hate crimes have risen sharply. Synagogues are being targeted, mosques are being targeted, and people are being singled out because of their background, faith, sexual orientation, or gender identity. Black Canadians are consistently among the groups most affected. I am going to talk about these communities that are being targeted. Black communities have been part of the fabric of this country from the beginning. They have helped to build it, defend it, care for it and educate it. The Haitian community has had roots in Quebec for over 60 years. It has given us doctors and nurses who have kept our health care system afloat. It has given us teachers, entrepreneurs, artists and members of the House of Commons and Quebec National Assembly, and yet these very communities face a dual reality that Parliament must have the courage to acknowledge. Black Canadians are overrepresented in our prisons. Reports from the Office of the Correctional Investigator have been documenting this for years. At the same time, they are also overrepresented among victims: victims of hate crimes, victims of intimidation, victims of acts meant to remind them that they will always be seen as different. Bill C‑9 tells this community and all communities targeted by hate that the law sees when they are targeted. The amendment regarding the noose is the clearest expression of all this. This symbol carries a history of terror that all Black families know without needing to be taught. When it appears on a construction site or in a locker room—and yes, that still happens—its message is instantly understood. Until now, a victim who reported such acts would find themselves thrown into a legal maze. However, from now on, Canadian law will clearly state that using this symbol to intimidate or promote hatred is an offence. Confronting anti-Black hate means naming it. That is exactly what this amendment does. I would like to highlight the fact that this amendment comes from the Senate. It was the senators who listened to their communities, who scrutinized this bill thoroughly and who saw that it could be improved. I thank them. This is our parliamentary system at its best: two chambers working together to produce better legislation. The stand-alone hate crime offence, the heart of the bill from the outset, completes this work. Hate takes forms that leave no visible mark: repeated threats, violence and intimidation. This offence gives the justice system the tools to prosecute these acts for what they are: criminal offences. For victims, no matter which community they belong to, the equation changes. Reporting will be worth it. No single law can resolve decades of inequality on its own, but this law does what it can. It acknowledges suffering that has long gone unnamed, and it tells Black Canadians and Haitian Canadians, as well as all communities affected by hate, that their government sees what they are going through and takes it seriously. There is no room in Canada for symbols that deliberately promote hate. Voting for this bill will be one of my proudest moments in this House. I urge all of my colleagues from every party to do the same.

Frank Caputo, Kamloops—Thompson—Nicola

Conservative
“I want to know why the government is pushing this bill. Our laws already make it illegal to block someone from a place of worship. This bill repeats what is already illegal and threatens free speech.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, it is always a pleasure to rise on behalf of the people of Kamloops—Thompson—Nicola. Before I begin, I want to recognize Hafiza Zalmay and congratulate her on her Bachelor of Business Administration. She and her husband came from Afghanistan. It is a huge accomplishment, so my best wishes go to Hafiza. My colleague is part of a government that is intent on bringing this bill forward. Everybody wants to protect people with their religious institutions, but as my colleague from Nanaimo—Ladysmith just pointed out, as I was listening to the minister’s speech, it is the exact same thing. Right now, nobody can obstruct someone from going into a place of worship and not break the law. Dare I say, I do not know that there is much in this bill that, if one were to do it, they would not already be breaking the law? However, there are so many controversial elements. Why are the Liberals insistent on this when free speech and civil liberties advocates have spoken about the potential dangers—

Natilien Joseph, Longueuil—Saint-Hubert

Liberal
“This bill protects Canadians from hate and intimidation, including Black, Muslim, and Jewish people. Everyone has the right to live safely and in peace.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, this is a surprising question coming from my colleague, a lawyer. Bill C‑9 is meant precisely to better protect Canadians from hate and intimidation, whether they are Black, Muslim, Jewish or members of any other community. Everyone deserves to be treated with respect, to live in safety and, above all, to have peace and tranquility. That is the law.

Rhéal Éloi Fortin, Rivière-du-Nord

Bloc Québécois
“I support religious freedom. Does the member also believe the government should stay out of religion, the way Quebec does?”
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Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I thank my colleague for his speech. In his speech, and in the speech by his Liberal colleague before him, I could hear a certain commitment to freedom of religion, which I share. We in the Bloc Québécois are committed to it as well. I would like to know his thoughts on that matter. Does he think we should keep protecting freedom of religion and ensure that the state does not meddle in these issues, the way that Quebec did with the Act respecting the laicity of the State, for example? Does that seem important to him? Does he support freedom of religion the way we do, in the Bloc Québécois?

Natilien Joseph, Longueuil—Saint-Hubert

Liberal
“I support freedom. It is surprising that the member asks about this when his party wants to remove Quebec from multicultural rules.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I thank my colleague for his question. I would say no. I am committed to freedom, full stop. As for freedom of expression, as the saying goes, when one has nothing left to say, one should stop talking. What is more, it is really surprising that my Bloc Québécois colleague is asking me this question when his party recently proposed taking Quebec out of the multiculturalism framework, unless my colleague is at odds with his party.

Kevin Lamoureux, Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons

Liberal

Linked statement

“People are spreading false information about this bill. A top lawyer has made it clear that the bill will not hurt religious freedom.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I would like to quote Joseph Neuberger, who had an article published in one of our Toronto newspapers. I quote what he said: “I write as a criminal lawyer with more than 32 years of experience, and as the chair of the Canadian Jewish Law Association.” He specifically stated, “Religious freedom in Canada is firmly protected by the Charter. That protection is well established and robust. Bill C-9 does not weaken it.” Would my colleague not agree that there is a great deal of misinformation out there that does a disservice to all Canadians because it is definitely misleading?

Natilien Joseph, Longueuil—Saint-Hubert

Liberal
“Conservatives at our committee say things that divide people. I support freedom of religion and all freedoms, as long as people respect each other, avoid offending anyone, and help society stay united.”
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Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I serve on the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration. Sometimes I see what my Conservative colleagues are doing at committee. It is confusing. They say things that really undermine social cohesion. Sometimes, I feel like I am not even in Canada, because Canada is all about freedom of expression. My colleague from the Bloc Québécois just asked me whether I support freedom of religion. Personally, I support all forms of freedom, provided it respects everyone and does not offend anyone, and provided it does not undermine social cohesion.

Jacob Mantle, York—Durham

Conservative
“I do not support this bill. It removes protections for religious speech and gives the government too much power to decide what words and symbols are allowed. Faith groups across Canada oppose it, and I worry it will lead to censorship.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, while the hour is late, it is always a privilege to get up and speak in the House, especially on an issue that is so important. I rise with a bit of a heavy heart, though, because I realize this will likely be the last time I can speak at substantive length to this bill and express my concern with, first, the government’s heavy-handedness in dealing with this debate. It is unfortunate that the government moved to end this debate only a few minutes after it began. The irony of cutting off and censoring debate on a bill that deals with expression is not lost on me, nor is it lost on Canadians. I want to say at the outset that I understand the laudable goal that exists with Bill C-9. I think it is one that is shared by all members of the House. It is certainly shared by me. However, we know what is said about good intentions and the path that they lead to. The laudable goal, of course, is the elimination of hateful speech and conduct in our society. We all share that goal. After 11 years, Canadians just do not trust the Liberal government to preserve and protect their liberty. Quite the opposite is true. There is a history and a pattern that proves this suspicion that people of faith across Canada have. There was an ideological test to receive summer jobs funding, which I did not forget, and I do not think Christian communities, Jewish communities or Muslim communities across Canada forgot that either. There was the removal, or proposed removal, of charitable status for organizations that defend and promote life. These are still the avowed positions of the government opposite. I will note that I am splitting my time. In the Senate debates, Professor Haskell said, “Past experience shows that when Liberal governments promised that devout Christians would not be harmed by their new laws, those promises were broken.” History has a way of teaching us not to believe the Liberal government when it says, “Just trust us.” That is why Bill C-9 united Christians across all denominations, from the United Church to the Catholic Church to the Anglican Church to the evangelical churches across Canada, but it was not just Christians who were united against this bill. One of the most fascinating things about this is that the Liberal government succeeded in uniting all faiths against their proposition. We have heard tonight, numerous times, that “Canadians were asking for this” and “Communities were asking for this,” but actually the opposite is true, and we have the letters from those communities to prove it. We have letters from the rabbinical council of Toronto, the National Council of Canadian Muslims and the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada to prove it. The reality, as I understand the evidence, is that every faith community opposed this legislation. Rather than asking for it, they opposed it. I want to focus a bit on the most troubling part of Bill C-9, which is the removal of long-standing protections for religious freedom and the ability to have civil and substantive discussions about matters that go to the core of belief without the government’s interference in that. Unfortunately, a Faustian bargain was struck between the Liberals and the Bloc to remove that protection from the Criminal Code. Now, it is not my opinion that this is what was taking place. This is the opinion that was held by the Minister of Canadian Identity and Culture, who said that certain passages of the Torah and the Bible are categorically “hateful” and that prosecutors should have “discretion...to press charges.” What is deeply troubling about this is that in this whole debate, over the entire months that we have been discussing this, the minister has never resiled from his comments. He has never sought to clarify his comments, and he never sought to add nuance to those comments or explain to religious communities what he meant by them. To add insult to injury, not one member of the Prime Minister’s cabinet has said anything about them. In fact, no member, to my knowledge, of the Liberal Party, despite being asked in debate after debate, has resiled from those comments. What should we take from them? The only logical conclusion to take is that they believe them. If that is the case, then our fears are well founded. The reality is that Canadians should be allowed to discuss and debate controversial issues, even if we do not like them, even if we think they are repugnant. It does not matter. That is what living in a free society allows us. Government should not decide what religious truth is. I do not want the minister of culture being the arbitrary arbiter of whether Jesus Christ was the Messiah, and I do not want them to be the arbiter of whether in fact there is no God other than God, “and Muhammad is his messenger”. That is not the government’s role. However, perhaps one of the most pernicious aspects of this amendment that removed that protection was that it was predicated on a completely false fact. It was predicated on the idea that there was an instance in Quebec that could not be prosecuted because of this religious protection. That is categorically false and, no matter how many times the Bloc want to bring up that example of Mr. Charkaoui , it does not make it true. I want to note this as well about the Senate amendment, because that of course is part of what we are discussing tonight. The Senate amendment seeks to add an additional symbol to criminalize in the code. Let me start with the obvious. The use of a symbol can, of course, be hateful, but I would respond that if it is, it is already a crime. There have been several examples where police across Canada have prosecuted individuals for expressing their hateful conduct through the use of a symbol. Of course, a noose could be used as a hate symbol, undoubtedly. However, to me this is a bit of an odd inclusion. To me this sounds like the importation of an American problem into Canada, and the use of that problem to divide and fearmonger. Canada does not have the same history as the United States does with this symbol. Moreover, discussing symbols opens a Pandora’s box. Who would decide what symbols are hateful? Well, according to the bill, the government could decide to add any new entity to a terrorist list, and therefore its symbols would become hate symbols. Is display enough to warrant prosecution, or does intent matter? These questions remain unanswered. If we were to go down the path of selecting symbols, I would have several to offer. How about the hammer and sickle? If we want to talk about a hateful symbol that Canadians fought and died against, for example in the Korean War, the hammer and sickle would be one of them, but this just proves the point about the selective nature of what the Liberals think hate is. Burning churches is understandable. Conservatives had to drag the government, kicking and screaming, to list Samidoun as a terrorist organization. This tells us that it is not about hate. It is about things the Liberals disagree with, and that is the problem with this type of censorship. There is a creeping culture of censorship that pervades the Liberal government: Bill C‑9, the Liberal censorship law; Bill C‑22, the Liberal surveillance law; Bill C‑35, the Liberal law on digital ID for all; Bill C‑36, the Liberal digital Stasi commission. We are sliding backwards into self-imposed immaturity, lacking the ability to use our own understanding without the guidance from another, in this case the state. Why is the Liberal government afraid of freedom? When a government lives in fear of its citizens, it seeks to censor them. Let me close with a quote from the great Frederick Douglass, a great abolitionist, who said: Liberty is meaningless where the right to utter one’s thoughts and opinions has ceased to exist. That, of all rights, is the dread of tyrants. It is the right which they first of all strike down. They know its power. Thrones, dominions, principalities, and powers, founded in injustice and wrong, are sure to tremble, if men are allowed to reason of righteousness, temperance, and of a judgment to come in their presence. We have the beginnings of tyrannical government in Canada, and that is the problem. Bill C‑9 is only the beginning. It is not the end.

John-Paul Danko, Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas

Liberal
“The member opposite defended the use of the noose as a hate symbol. White supremacists are holding rallies across the country, and that symbol is unacceptable. I want the member to take back those words.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I am absolutely beside myself right now. I heard the member opposite defending the use of the noose as a symbol of hatred. It is absolutely disgusting. Withdraw those comments. That is beyond the pale, sir. There are white supremacist rallies in communities across this country, including in Hamilton, and for a member of this legislature to defend the use of a noose as a symbol of hatred is completely unacceptable. Withdraw those comments.

Jacob Mantle, York—Durham

Conservative
“The member misunderstood me. I agree that a noose can be a hate symbol. I only said Canada and the United States have different histories with it, and we should recognize that.”
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Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, what a ridiculous comment. I would invite the member to actually listen and go back to the transcript, which we can review together. I would be happy to educate him. I said of course the noose could be used as a hate symbol. I simply pointed out that Canada and America have a very different history when it comes to this symbol and that fact should be recognized.

Andrew Lawton, Elgin—St. Thomas—London South

Conservative
“Religious groups are worried this bill will not actually protect them. The government picks and chooses who it protects from hate. A Liberal member left out Christians when listing groups facing hate, even though 123 churches have been burned or vandalized in the last five years.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I cannot thank my colleague from York—Durham enough, not just for his speech tonight but for his tremendous leadership on Bill C‑9, meeting with faith communities, members of the Jewish community, the Muslim community, the Christian community, all across the country, people who have raised concerns, people whom the government says it is protecting but who feel the opposite is true. One of the comments that stuck out from what my colleague said was with regard to the selective nature of how we define hate and how hate laws are applied. I will note that, earlier in the House, a member of the Liberals gave an enumerated list of people who have experienced hate in this country, and both times he did that, he left out Christians, despite the fact that 123 Christian churches have been burned or vandalized over the last five years. As I say that now, Liberals are groaning and laughing, which speaks exactly to what I am saying. What does my colleague think about the fact that, even right now, the Liberals are laughing at the idea that Christians could be the target of hate?

Jacob Mantle, York—Durham

Conservative
“I talked to Muslim and Jewish groups, and we agree on this bill. The government only protects certain groups from hate and leaves others out. I do not trust them to decide what counts as hate.”
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Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, being involved in this debate has actually been an amazing experience for me personally because it has allowed me to reach and speak with other faith communities, which I would not otherwise have had the chance to do. I met with Muslim groups in Toronto and Jewish groups in my own riding. I had a different faith and a different view of the world, but we were in complete alignment on Bill C‑9. It was actually quite amazing. My hon. colleague raises a great point, which is the selective nature of what the government considers hate. He points out a very good example, that regardless of which lists the Liberals use or which groups they identify, they seem to leave out some and include others. Unfortunately, that leaves us to conclude that some people, in their view, are more equal than others. This is why we are so concerned when they get involved in censorship, because we know which groups they think deserve protection and we know which groups they think do not deserve that protection.

Ruby Sahota, Secretary of State (Combatting Crime)

Liberal
“The member said the noose means something different in Canada than in the United States. A few years ago, nooses were left at Toronto construction sites to scare Black people. I want the member to explain what they think a noose means in Canada.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I have a question about the fact that the member just mentioned that the noose has a different definition here in Canada. I would like to know what the member thinks the noose symbolizes here in Canada that is different from the United States. Just a few years ago, in order to intimidate the Black community, nooses were found on several construction sites in Toronto. Do you think that the noose was placed there for a friendly purpose?

Jacob Mantle, York—Durham

Conservative
“The government should use our current laws to prosecute people instead of making new laws that censor Canadians. A noose can be a hate symbol, but its meaning depends on the context.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I would invite the secretary of state to do her job and ensure that those people are prosecuted under existing laws rather than bringing in new laws to censor Canadians. As I clearly said in my speech, a noose can be used as a hate symbol. I stand by those comments. It can be. I simply pointed out that there is a different cultural and factual context here.

Kevin Lamoureux, Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons

Liberal
“The Conservatives are spreading false information about this hate crimes bill, both here and on social media.”
Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, what I find most offensive in regard to Bill C‑9 is the amount of misinformation that is spread, whether it is inside the chamber or outside the chamber. The Conservatives have done this through social media, through literally tens of thousands of—

Jacob Mantle, York—Durham

Conservative
“We can disagree on this bill, but my side has stuck to the facts. The other side's criticisms are false.”
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Official Hansard

Mr. Speaker, I accept that there are strong differences of opinion on the bill. I have tried and other members have tried to always present our opinion factually. We can have a disagreement about what the interpretation is, but we are not engaging in anything that they suggest. Their only criticism is misinformation.

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